Nuclear Energy Essays - Nuclear Technology, Energy Conversion

Nuclear Energy From Theory to Practice The nuclear age began in Germany, in the 1930s in the lab of chemist Otto Hahn. Hahn was attempting to produce radium (In great need during the war) by bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons. To his surprise, he ended up with a much lighter element, barium. That was 1938, This started the race for the power of the atom. Just four years later Canada entered nuclear age in cooperation with the british. Wartime, 1942: The British wanted a safe place to conduct nuclear experiments; Since their country feared invasion by the nazi's or bombing attacks, Canada provided the haven the british needed in return for a opportunity to work in the project. The leader of the team that crossed the atlantic to Canada was Hans von Halban, who along with Dr. Lew Kowarski had escaped from the Institute Du Radium in Paris one step ahead of the invading german army. They took the world supply of 200 Kg of heavy water with them to Canada. Having pioneered the chain reaction using uranium and heavy water, the scientists applied their knowledge and their heavy water to the new Canadian nuclear industry. On September 5th, 1945 near Ottawa the team started up the first operating nuclear reactor outside the USA. Of course, the output was minuscule, but the significance was immense; the principal of getting energy from splitting atoms in a controlled chain reaction (fission) was established beyond doubt. It was now the job of the scientists and engineers to put it to a practical use. Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor is a device which produces heat. In a nuclear power station, the reactor performs the same function as a boiler in a conventional coal, gas or oil-fired station. Whether from a conventional boiler or a nuclear reactor, heat is required to turn water into steam. The steam is used to spin large turbines which in turn drive generators that produce electricity. A reactor creates heat by splitting uranium atoms. This is called 'Nuclear reaction' or 'Fission'. When the nucleus of an uranium atom is stuck by a neutron travelling at the right speed, it splits into fragments which separate rapidly and generate heat. It also gives off a few, new neutrons. In order to sustain a continuous nuclear reaction, the speed of these neutrons must be slowed down, or moderated. CANDU reactors use heavy water (Deuterium Oxide is called heavy water because it is heavier than normal water by about 10%), Thus the reactor is named CANDU, for (CAN)ada (D)euterium (U)ranium. During Fission (the process used in nuclear reactors) some of the atom breaks up, and energy is released. On average, 80% of the released energy is carried off by the fragments in the form of kinetic energy. The other 20% is collected by the heavy water in the form of heat. The core of a CANDU reactor The core of a reactor is contained in a large cylindrical tank called the 'Calandria'. The calandria contains a series of tubes that run from one end of the calandria to the other. Inside the calandria tubes are smaller tubes which house fuel bundles containing natural uranium in the form of ceramic pellets. Heavy water is also used as the reactor coolant and is pumped through the tubes containing the fuel pellets to pick up heat generated from the reaction. The heated, heavy water travels to heat exchangers to produce steam from ordinary water. This cooled heavy water is recycled back to the reactor. The steam is then piped to conventional turbines and generators that produce electricity. In this way the nuclear reactor is separate from the equipment used to produce electricity. Viable solutions for Energy needs Annually, the demand for energy in Ontario increases by 5%. In response to this increase, Hydro companies around Canada facing similar situations have the responsibility of meeting the increase, usually by adding to their arsenal of generators. The question which is brought up at this point is how to do this most effectively in terms of impact on the environment, cost, efficiency and several other aspects. In the case of Ontario Hydro, they have chosen to expand on the method which appears to be best: nuclear power. (Note: All of the following data on nuclear generating stations is based on information on Canada's CANDU plants.) There are four main competitors in the energy race, but only two of them are 'technically viable' Those right now are Nuclear and fossil fuels. Of the other two, Solar energy is

Remember the Tricolon

Remember the Tricolon Remember the Tricolon Remember the Tricolon By Maeve Maddox A tricolon is a rhetorical device that employs a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. The word derives from Greek tri (â€Å"three†) + colon (â€Å"section of a sentence†). The plural of tricolon is tricola. Julius Caesar’s famous â€Å"Veni, vidi, vici† is a tricolon consisting of three verbs. The tricolon is phrased in ascending order, culminating with the most important action: â€Å"I came, I saw, [and] I conquered.† Churchill’s famous line in praise of the Royal Air Force repeats a â€Å"so† phrase: â€Å"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. Phrased in descending order or with an unexpected combination of words, a tricolon can be used for humorous effect, as in this quotation ascribed to Dorothy Parker: â€Å"I require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless and stupid.† Tricola are at work in the answers to these two questions: How do you get to Carnegie Hall? - Practice, practice, practice. What are the three things that matter in property? - Location, location, location. Quotations that remain in the memory long after one’s school days often contain tricola: Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness of the people, by the people, for the people Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. Many of our idioms, clichà ©s, and fossilized legal phrases take the form of tricola: Every Tom, Dick and Harry Lock, stock, and barrel Wine, women, and song Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth? Advertisers and PR agents understand the power of the tricola: Power, beauty, and soul (Aston Martin) Keeps going and going and going. (Energizer) Gracespacepace. (Jaguar) Snap! Crackle! Pop! (Rice Krispies) Buy it. Sell it. Love it. (Ebay) Thinner, lighter, and faster. (iPad2) Stop, Look, and Listen (Traffic safety slogan) Drop, Cover, and Hold On (Earthquake/tornado safety slogan) One of the most useful aspects of this rhetorical device is its effectiveness in embedding a thought in the memory. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SAt Your DisposalSupervise vs. Monitor

Old Order Amish (in the United States) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Old Order Amish (in the United States) - Essay Example In fact the history of the community can be traced back in 1700. According to a relevant report â€Å"the first Amish, so named for Jakob Ammann, arrived in Lancaster County and nearby Berks and Chester counties in the early 1700s to take part in William Penn’s "Holy Experiment" of religious freedom; originally called Anabaptists, they came to America from Europe to escape religious persecution by both Protestants and Catholics; the county is now home to three Anabaptist groups called the Amish, Mennonite and Brethren† [2]. The conflict with other religious ‘teams’ like Protestants and Catholics has been intensive since the appearance of the particular religion. These conflicts have led the community to follow a particular code of life away from the centres of ‘civilization’ as the big cities around the world can be characterized. At a next level, in order to keep their traditions, the members of the community followed a particular ‘codeà ¢â‚¬â„¢ that differentiates them from other religious ‘teams’. It should be noticed here that because of the many particular characteristics that the way of life of this community presents, it is rather difficult to proceed to a completed presentation of their intervention in modern social ethics. However, it could be possible to investigate their role in the development of particular ideas and styles of life. The settlements of Amish across USA are many. However, â€Å"the leading settlement of the community in Pennsylvania is in Lancaster County; in the Lancaster Plain near Intercourse and Bird in Hand live the House Amish, who, objecting to churches as worldly, worship in houses or barns† (Klees, 1950, 37). The existence of a central point of reference of the community’s life is important for the reservation of the community’s beliefs as they are presented mainly in the

Newspaper article that is relevant to the economics concepts Essay

Newspaper article that is relevant to the economics concepts - Essay Example Together with other legislators they want this figure to rise to $10.10 per hour. It is argued by other economists that this will interfere with the market since the new wages will not be in line with the market demand and supply forces that are outlined in the diagram below (Jekin, 2001). According to this diagram, the supply and demand of commodities have a direct impact on the price of the commodity. In this case, the goods in question will be the labor. In regards to the law of demand, when there is an increased supply of a commodity the demand for the product is expected to drop. The demand for products is highest when the supply of a given product is quite low. In this situation, people are willing to pay an extra amount so as to get the product since it is not readily available. Therefore the low rates of minimum wage can be attributed to the fact that there are many laborers who are ready and willing to work at that wage and therefore the industries should be left to decide the minimum wage (Gale, 2009). However, when the president increases the minimum wage, there will be two effects. One of which is that industries will not be able to pay people the expected amount and therefore will have to lay off workers. On the other hand, the increase in the minimum wage is likely to attract more people to these jobs. Both of these instances will result to an increase in the supply of labor. According to the law of supply, when the supply is high, the demand is low and this pushes the price of the service much lower so as to increase uptake. However, when the demand and the supply curves cross is where there is an equilibrium point (Jekin, 2001). As illustrated in the diagram above, an increase in the minimum wage is likely to result in a shift in the labor supply curve. A shift in the labor curve results to an increase in workers in the market. This increase in the amount of laborers will lead to a decrease in the

Operations Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations Management - Coursework Example The client is an organization engaged in providing hotel services and accommodations in each of their twelve holiday centres spread over the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Each holiday centres also provide water sports facilities including restaurants, bars, entertainments and retail establishments. The engagement is to automate the production of quarterly reports for submission to Headquarter and to provide real time daily reports to local management and weekly reports to senior management stationed at the Headquarter. The proceeding pages will indicate the integration definition of the organization (Podeswa, 2008). Part of the engagement is to overcome the following challenges that need to be resolved quickly. Improve if not overhaul the image of the organization to negate the impact of disgruntled customers that obliterates their ability to have repeat customers. The primary focus is to determine what part of the business is having difficulties if not the part of the business where customer experience is at its worst. Gathering data related to customer satisfaction is an essential foundation for the solution that will be recommended since its success or efficacy can only be determined if a baseline performance has been measured. A primary solution that can be implemented to resolve the reporting requirement is to automate the frontline portion of the process to get an accurate data capture process that can provide reliable data. The same mechanism or process can also be employed to measure key performance indicators (Bissessur, 2010) that are primarily designed to measure customer satisfaction. Customer complaints and feedback methodology will also be used to determine if not validate the data reflected by the metrics that measures the key performance indicators for customer satisfaction. Customer Satisfaction rate = Customer Complaints received/Total

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPA

Comparison Between Wimax And HSDPA ABSTRACT: The future of wireless networks lies in the coexistence of multiple access network technologies. This paper deals with two data oriented access networks, the worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). HSDPA and Mobile WiMAX are two different high speed mobile technologies with distinctive backgrounds. WiMAX is based on OFDM as HSDPA is based on CDMA. INTRODUCTION: The objective of this paper is to provide a techno-economic comparison of two wireless broadband technologies, Mobile WiMAX and HSDPA. The comparison is divided into two parts. The first part is a general overview and comparison of the two technology standards. The second part describes the different releases of WiMAX and HSDPA and the market opportunities. What is WiMAX? WiMAX is the new term for IEEE 802.16 STANDARD. It is based on the wireless MAN technology. It is a communication technology that works with the radio spectrum to transmit tens of MB/sec in bandwidth between different devices like laptops. The two stimulating forces of present internet are the wireless and the broadband. The WiMAX standard joins the two high speed broadband internet access over a single wireless connection. As WiMAX can be used for long distance purposes it is a very effective way to solve the last mile problem. WiMAX would operate similar to a Wi-Fi but at higher speeds, large distance and for more number of users. WiMAX has the capability to provide service in areas which are difficult for wired infrastructure to reach and has the ability to overcome the limitations of the traditional wired infrastructure. It will provide wireless broadband access to the buildings, either to existing wired networks or in the rural areas. It can also be connected to the WLAN hotspots to the internet. Some of the characteristics of Mobile WiMAX are: Scalability: Mobile WiMAX has been framed in such a way that it is able to work in different channel BWs ranging from 1.25 to 20 MHz. High Data Rates: when Maximum Input Maximum Output (MIMO) 2*2 is used and DL: UL is in the ratio of 1:0 and 0:1 respectively, in a 10 MHz channel high data rates can theoretically support peak download data rates up to 63Mb/s per sector and peak upload data rates up to 28 Mb/s per sector. Mobility: Seamless handoff which is less than 50ms latency and Quality of Service (QoS): QoS measures for WiMAX include availability of service, throughput of data, jitter and the rate of error. WHAT IS HSDPA? High speed Downlink packet access (HSDPA) is a packet based data service feature of the WCDMA standard. In the WCDMA downlink, the data transmission is up to 8-10 Megabits/sec over a bandwidth of 5MHZ. It is sometimes referred to as a 3.5G technology. HSDPA is an advancement of the WCDMA standard which is created to increase the data rate by a factor of 5 or more. HSDPA improves on W-CDMA by using different techniques for modulation and coding. It defines a new WCDMA called high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH). That channel performs contrastingly from other channels and helps to fasten the downlink speeds. HS-DSCH is used only for the downlink communication of the mobile. That means that data is sent from the source to the phone. It isnt possible to send data from the phone to a source using HSDPA. The channel is shared between all users which lets the radio signals to be used most effectively for the fastest downloads. Multimedia: From the technical point of view the choice between voice communications in VoIP/WiMAX or WCDMA/HSDPA is a matter of taste. But not in economic terms WCDMA traffic is much costlier than VoIP traffic. For transmitting multimedia data both technologies have practically the same capacities. Both WiMAX and HSDPA have traffic prioritizing and Quality of Service. Security: The security service in a WiMAX is used by an operator to gain benefits from this service as there is always a chance of theft of service in connections, bandwidth and so on. Hence the security service is divided into two parts namely the encryption and the authentication/key derivation. WiMAX supports modern cryptographic algorithms. In HSDPA, Users are authorized by their SIM (or R-UIM) cards. HSDPA does not provide any additional security functions. Typical of all CDMA standards, data encoding for various users works better than any cryptographic algorithm, but doesnt work if an interrupter somehow gets its channels code (like special agents) or is in a base station. Whereas, in WiMAX the base station is strongly protected from management attacks and as the system is organized strongly a certificate based security is easy to deploy and is advisable. Bandwidth: When HSDPA and WiMAX are at same distance from a base station, the gain in HSDPA vs. WiMAX is not clear yet. One of the main reasons for this is WiMAX doesnt have many frequency ranges. But if HSDPA, being an evolutional step in the development of WCDMA, is getting close to the threshold of spectral efficiency, while WiMAX has many likely ways of progression such as new modulation schemes (as well combined with the old ones),MIMO(multiple-input-multiple output)and new frequency ranges (ranging from 10GHz to 66GHz). Modulation: With the use of a robust modulation scheme at long ranges with high spectral efficiency WiMAX gives tremendous throughput and also bears multipath fading. WiMAX base station interchanges throughput for range and this is allowed by the dynamic adaptive modulation. HSDPA supports 16 QAM and QPSK modulation whereas WiMAX supports QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM. This implies that Mobile WiMAX supports higher order modulation than HSDPA. With 64 QAM 6 bits can be carried per symbol and thus higher data rates can be achieved.

The Causes of World War One (1) :: essays research papers

The Causes of World War One (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you were to look back at WWI, you would see that there were direct and indirect causes to the war. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was an immediate cause. Gavrilo Princip, working with a Serbian anti-Austrian secret society called â€Å"The Black Hand† shot Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 in order to make way for a Slavic revolution. The assassination didn’t do as Princip hoped, and it was used as an excuse for Austria to take hostile action against Serbia. That was not the only cause of the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Alliance System was one of the festering causes of the war. After Germany took Alsace-Lorraine, Bismarck wanted to make sure that France didn’t make enough allies to take back the territory in a war. So he started to form an alliance with Austria-Hungry and Italy. France saw this as a threat, so it started making alliances of its own. France first turned to Russia then to Britain creating the Triple Entente. Now with forces in place on either side, nerves were frayed. What better question to ask next than why. Why were nerves frayed? The nations involved had large militaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These nations were building large armies and enhancing the glories of war. After rationalizing a huge arms race, people were eager to put up large amounts of money to support their government’s vast military. Great Britain has always had a large navy. Germany decided it wanted a navy to rival Britain’s. When the people of Britain saw the buildup of Germany’s navy, they got scared and started producing more and bigger ships for it’s own navy. Every time Britain got a â€Å"leg up† on Germany, Germany struggled to outdo Britain, and vice-versa. Soon, the public was clamoring for war. Militarism is based on imperialism and the fear that another nation is getting ahead imperially.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperialism is extending control of a nation over foreign lands. Countries expanded in the 1600’s to help their economies. They did this mostly through mercantilism. After industrialization in the 1800’s, imperialism changed. Two new and eager powers were on the scene. Italy and Germany were new nations and ready to catch up to Britain and others in the colony race. Imperialism could be related to nationalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two kinds of nationalism. There were the early forms of nationalism, where people of a similar race and nationality wanted a nation to themselves.